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Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), “Ode to Joy”
This familiar melody is heard in many Christmas concerts, pageants, and carols. The text was written by German poet Friedrich Schiller and appears in the final movement of Beethoven's "Choral" Symphony No. 9. Through this melody, Beethoven wished to convey joy, hope, and the universal brotherhood of humanity. How does Beethoven convey these ideas musically?